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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Copula (Mathematik)</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Eine <b>Copula</b> (Pl. <i>Copulas</i> oder <i>Copulae</i>) ist eine Funktion, die einen funktionalen Zusammenhang zwischen den <a href="Randverteilung" title="Randverteilung">Randverteilungsfunktionen</a> verschiedener <a href="Zufallsvariable" title="Zufallsvariable">Zufallsvariablen</a> und ihrer gemeinsamen <a href="Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung">Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung</a> angeben kann.
</p><p>Mit ihrer Hilfe kann man <a href="Stochastisch_unabh%C3%A4ngige_Zufallsvariablen" title="Stochastisch unabhängige Zufallsvariablen">stochastische Abhängigkeit</a> deutlich flexibler modellieren als beispielsweise mit <a href="Korrelationskoeffizient" class="mw-redirect" title="Korrelationskoeffizient">Korrelationskoeffizienten</a>.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>Eine Copula ist eine <a href="Multivariate_Verteilung" title="Multivariate Verteilung">multivariate Verteilungsfunktion</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C\colon [0,1]^{n}\rightarrow [0,1]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C\colon [0,1]^{n}\rightarrow [0,1]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f00d3499be1b01f1159a3592f38c6f94c3c0b870.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.938ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C\colon [0,1]^{n}\rightarrow [0,1]}" loading="lazy"></span>,
deren eindimensionale <a href="Randverteilung" title="Randverteilung">Randverteilungen</a> <a href="Gleichverteilung" title="Gleichverteilung">gleichverteilt</a> über dem Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [0,1]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [0,1]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/738f7d23bb2d9642bab520020873cccbef49768d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.653ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [0,1]}" loading="lazy"></span> sind. Formal ausgedrückt bedeutet dies folgendes:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}" loading="lazy"></span> ist multivariate Verteilungsfunktion, das heißt
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall u\in [0,1]^{n}\colon \min\{u_{1},\dotsc ,u_{n}\}=0\implies C(u)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">min</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">⟹<!-- ⟹ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall u\in [0,1]^{n}\colon \min\{u_{1},\dotsc ,u_{n}\}=0\implies C(u)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a26b3581e907793662bf2d24a1a79b76bd85a9bf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:48.492ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall u\in [0,1]^{n}\colon \min\{u_{1},\dotsc ,u_{n}\}=0\implies C(u)=0}" loading="lazy"></span>,</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}" loading="lazy"></span> ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-steigend, das heißt, für jedes <a href="Hyperrechteck" title="Hyperrechteck">Hyperrechteck</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R=\prod _{i=1}^{n}[x_{i},y_{i}]\subseteq [0,1]^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∏<!-- ∏ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>⊆<!-- ⊆ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R=\prod _{i=1}^{n}[x_{i},y_{i}]\subseteq [0,1]^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/adbc7d4efcad193af82c3ce4008bb4082a2c0f25.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:23.197ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R=\prod _{i=1}^{n}[x_{i},y_{i}]\subseteq [0,1]^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist das <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}" loading="lazy"></span>-Volumen nicht negativ: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{C}\left(R\right):=\sum _{\mathbf {z} \in \prod _{i=1}^{n}\{x_{i},y_{i}\}}(-1)^{N(\mathbf {z} )}C(\mathbf {z} )\geq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>C</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>:=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∏<!-- ∏ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{C}\left(R\right):=\sum _{\mathbf {z} \in \prod _{i=1}^{n}\{x_{i},y_{i}\}}(-1)^{N(\mathbf {z} )}C(\mathbf {z} )\geq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01150359be6c06aced1049372c56099c6b4526af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.671ex; width:39.072ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{C}\left(R\right):=\sum _{\mathbf {z} \in \prod _{i=1}^{n}\{x_{i},y_{i}\}}(-1)^{N(\mathbf {z} )}C(\mathbf {z} )\geq 0}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N(\mathbf {z} ):=|\{k\mid z_{k}=x_{k}\}|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N(\mathbf {z} ):=|\{k\mid z_{k}=x_{k}\}|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/532a128298ee655f6282013afa684cd549327234.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.26ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N(\mathbf {z} ):=|\{k\mid z_{k}=x_{k}\}|}" loading="lazy"></span>,</li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li>Die eindimensionalen Randverteilungen von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}" loading="lazy"></span> sind uniform auf dem Einheitsintervall: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall j\in \{1,\dotsc ,n\}\forall u=(u_{1},\dotsc ,u_{n})\in \{1\}^{j-1}\times [0,1]\times \{1\}^{n-j}\colon C(u)=u_{j}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
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<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall j\in \{1,\dotsc ,n\}\forall u=(u_{1},\dotsc ,u_{n})\in \{1\}^{j-1}\times [0,1]\times \{1\}^{n-j}\colon C(u)=u_{j}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5ac63a43c5b3a22e6b680dcfc1970e59e7201877.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:70.402ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall j\in \{1,\dotsc ,n\}\forall u=(u_{1},\dotsc ,u_{n})\in \{1\}^{j-1}\times [0,1]\times \{1\}^{n-j}\colon C(u)=u_{j}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<p>Die Forderung an die Randverteilungen lässt sich wie folgt motivieren:
Für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d059936e77a2d707e9ee0a1d9575a1d693ce5d0b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.913ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} }" loading="lazy"></span> beliebig verteilte <a href="Zufallsvariable" title="Zufallsvariable">Zufallsvariablen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{1},X_{2},\dotsc ,X_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{1},X_{2},\dotsc ,X_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/29f695cbbfd7caccec825add6601fa8ec884f2ee.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.312ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{1},X_{2},\dotsc ,X_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit stetigen Verteilungsfunktionen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{X_{i}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{X_{i}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e7dc876afe5f89968fc7433cf7f8c41f3c93629c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.712ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{X_{i}}}" loading="lazy"></span> (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i\in \{1,2,\dotsc ,n\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i\in \{1,2,\dotsc ,n\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3ae60ef2383c8a36b39c47ee8cb4ff4ca1d289e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.9ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i\in \{1,2,\dotsc ,n\}}" loading="lazy"></span>) ist die Zufallsvariable <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{X_{i}}(X_{i})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{X_{i}}(X_{i})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7211659081ab03504e2efd838c554c9e0550f113.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:8.246ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{X_{i}}(X_{i})}" loading="lazy"></span> gleichverteilt über dem Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [0,1]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [0,1]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/738f7d23bb2d9642bab520020873cccbef49768d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.653ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [0,1]}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Zusammen mit dem folgenden Satz von Sklar wird die Trennung von Randverteilungen und Abhängigkeiten unter diesen möglich.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Satz_von_Sklar">Satz von Sklar</h2></div>
<p>Im Folgenden sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {\mathbb {R} }}:=\mathbb {R} \cup \{-\infty ,+\infty \}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>∪<!-- ∪ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {\mathbb {R} }}:=\mathbb {R} \cup \{-\infty ,+\infty \}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9efa9a5af610ff141f963b36558bf9228f30673d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.422ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {\mathbb {R} }}:=\mathbb {R} \cup \{-\infty ,+\infty \}}" loading="lazy"></span> eine Erweiterung der <a href="Reelle_Zahlen" class="mw-redirect" title="Reelle Zahlen">reellen Zahlen</a>.
</p><p>Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F\colon {\overline {\mathbb {R} }}^{n}\rightarrow [0,1]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F\colon {\overline {\mathbb {R} }}^{n}\rightarrow [0,1]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aa872b6b728d1d6ff3f7f23f6bca4e75d1316aef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.053ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F\colon {\overline {\mathbb {R} }}^{n}\rightarrow [0,1]}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensionale Verteilungsfunktion (<a href="Multivariate_Verteilungsfunktion" title="Multivariate Verteilungsfunktion">multivariate Verteilungsfunktion</a>) mit eindimensionalen Randverteilungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{1},\dotsc ,F_{n}\colon {\overline {\mathbb {R} }}\rightarrow [0,1]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{1},\dotsc ,F_{n}\colon {\overline {\mathbb {R} }}\rightarrow [0,1]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f7eb1cff3ab907ec6443913b9c495d6eedc5b31e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.534ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{1},\dotsc ,F_{n}\colon {\overline {\mathbb {R} }}\rightarrow [0,1]}" loading="lazy"></span>. Dann existiert eine <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensionale Copula <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}" loading="lazy"></span>, sodass für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x_{1},\dotsc ,x_{n})\in {\overline {\mathbb {R} }}^{n}\ }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (x_{1},\dotsc ,x_{n})\in {\overline {\mathbb {R} }}^{n}\ }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/00ffc534877f22f1c8634cd5e11ddfc61b8888fc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.352ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (x_{1},\dotsc ,x_{n})\in {\overline {\mathbb {R} }}^{n}\ }" loading="lazy"></span> gilt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(x_{1},x_{2},\dotsc ,x_{n})=C\left(F_{1}\left(x_{1}\right),\dotsc ,F_{n}\left(x_{n}\right)\right).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(x_{1},x_{2},\dotsc ,x_{n})=C\left(F_{1}\left(x_{1}\right),\dotsc ,F_{n}\left(x_{n}\right)\right).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/98125b8547aab330a7977552dfa9b5bcc2c524cb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:45.325ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(x_{1},x_{2},\dotsc ,x_{n})=C\left(F_{1}\left(x_{1}\right),\dotsc ,F_{n}\left(x_{n}\right)\right).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Sind alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/18f9a5ed62f131c8ad9acdf7f8539f103f1e0ec9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.294ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> stetig, so ist die Copula eindeutig.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fréchet-Hoeffding-Schranken"><span id="Fr.C3.A9chet-Hoeffding-Schranken"></span>Fréchet-Hoeffding-Schranken</h2></div>
<p>Für jede <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-variate Copula <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}" loading="lazy"></span> gelten die untere Fréchet-Hoeffding-Schranke:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C(u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n})~\geq ~\max \left\{\sum \limits _{i=1}^{n}{u_{i}}+1-n,~0\right\}~=:~W(u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<munderover>
<mo movablelimits="false">∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>=:</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>W</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C(u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n})~\geq ~\max \left\{\sum \limits _{i=1}^{n}{u_{i}}+1-n,~0\right\}~=:~W(u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/287f14d730985a1b6f6ad8f16ef8afdb544d934f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:63.327ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C(u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n})~\geq ~\max \left\{\sum \limits _{i=1}^{n}{u_{i}}+1-n,~0\right\}~=:~W(u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n})}" loading="lazy"></span>,</li></ul>
<p>und die obere Fréchet-Hoeffding-Schranke:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C(u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n})~\leq ~\min\{u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n}\}~=:~M(u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">min</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>=:</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C(u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n})~\leq ~\min\{u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n}\}~=:~M(u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/41a7954508b4bf2a0aa6b1f9ed2dae4568a88cfd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:53.912ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C(u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n})~\leq ~\min\{u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n}\}~=:~M(u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n})}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<p>Die obere Schranke <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> ist selbst eine Copula, die untere Schranke <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>W</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54a9c4c547f4d6111f81946cad242b18298d70b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.435ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W}" loading="lazy"></span> hingegen nur für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a02c8bd752d2cc859747ca1f3a508281bdbc3b34.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=2}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendung">Anwendung</h2></div>
<p>Copulae werden eingesetzt, um Rückschlüsse auf die Art der stochastischen Abhängigkeit verschiedener Zufallsvariablen zu erzielen oder um Abhängigkeiten gezielt zu modellieren. Sie werden beispielsweise in der Kreditrisikoanalyse eingesetzt, um Aussagen über einen gehäuften Bankrott mehrerer Schuldner innerhalb eines Anleihenportfolios machen zu können.
Analog sind Anwendungen im Versicherungsbereich üblich. Dort stellen gehäuft auftretende Schäden verschiedener Schadenarten ein finanzielles Problem dar. Beispiel hierfür ist ein zu beobachtender Zusammenhang zwischen Sturm- und Hochwasserschäden. Eine weitere zentrale Anwendung im Bereich der <a href="Finanzmathematik" title="Finanzmathematik">Finanzmathematik</a> ist die Modellierung von operationellen Risiken und die Modellierung der Abhängigkeiten zwischen den Risikoarten (Kredit- und <a href="Marktrisiko" title="Marktrisiko">Marktrisiko</a>, Versicherungsrisiko und Kreditrisiko etc.).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiele_für_Copulae"><span id="Beispiele_f.C3.BCr_Copulae"></span>Beispiele für Copulae</h2></div>
<ul><li>Die empirische Copula wird aus den Daten geschätzt</li>
<li>Die einfachste Form der Copula ist die <i>Unabhängigkeitscopula (Produktcopula)</i></li></ul>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C(u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n})=\prod \limits _{i=1}^{n}u_{i}=u_{1}\cdot \ldots \cdot u_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo movablelimits="false">∏<!-- ∏ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C(u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n})=\prod \limits _{i=1}^{n}u_{i}=u_{1}\cdot \ldots \cdot u_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87be91f99b180b72558acde8834baffe87f65127.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:36.382ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C(u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n})=\prod \limits _{i=1}^{n}u_{i}=u_{1}\cdot \ldots \cdot u_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd>
<dd>Sie steht für <a href="Stochastisch_unabh%C3%A4ngige_Zufallsvariablen" title="Stochastisch unabhängige Zufallsvariablen">stochastisch unabhängige</a> Zufallsvariablen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U_{1},\ldots ,U_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U_{1},\ldots ,U_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bdefcb9e1f2a3b58c4bb3925fa1d3ed76215b3e7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.626ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U_{1},\ldots ,U_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>, die gemäß der Copula C verteilt sind. In Zeichen: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (U_{1},\ldots ,U_{n})\sim C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∼<!-- ∼ --></mo>
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (U_{1},\ldots ,U_{n})\sim C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/319dec3fadce6896e0b52a6645d9ebe422a6e18a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.3ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (U_{1},\ldots ,U_{n})\sim C}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Die obere Fréchet-Hoeffding-Schranke, ebenfalls eine Copula, ist gegeben durch</li></ul>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C(u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n})=\min _{i=1,\ldots ,n}u_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">min</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C(u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n})=\min _{i=1,\ldots ,n}u_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/338ccbc1b29d12294149bc4df1e8ed0a0f35e086.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:25.795ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C(u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n})=\min _{i=1,\ldots ,n}u_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd>
<dd>Sie beschreibt perfekte positive stochastische Abhängigkeit (totale positive Korrelation).</dd></dl>
<ul><li>Die untere Fréchet-Hoeffding-Schranke ist nur im bivariaten Fall eine Copula:</li></ul>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C(u_{1},u_{2})=\max\{u_{1}+u_{2}-1,0\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C(u_{1},u_{2})=\max\{u_{1}+u_{2}-1,0\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/79b486fad0bc102dbc5b21328179f74aa70fe4f1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.934ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C(u_{1},u_{2})=\max\{u_{1}+u_{2}-1,0\}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd>
<dd>Sie beschreibt eine perfekte negative stochastische Abhängigkeit zweier Zufallsvariablen.</dd></dl>
<ul><li>Die <i>Normal-</i> oder auch <i>Gauß-Copula</i> wird mit Hilfe der Verteilungsfunktion der <a href="Normalverteilung" title="Normalverteilung">Normalverteilung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(\cdot )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(\cdot )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ae8ad845eb97afa8e3c01816edf98f82a2b665ee.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.197ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(\cdot )}" loading="lazy"></span> definiert. So ist</li></ul>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C(u_{1},u_{2})=F_{2}(F^{-1}(u_{1}),F^{-1}(u_{2}),\rho )\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C(u_{1},u_{2})=F_{2}(F^{-1}(u_{1}),F^{-1}(u_{2}),\rho )\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4836d85e21a5b6345ae5c2f4b415e7a774b1335.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:37.172ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C(u_{1},u_{2})=F_{2}(F^{-1}(u_{1}),F^{-1}(u_{2}),\rho )\,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd>eine Copula, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{2}(\cdot ,\cdot ,\rho )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{2}(\cdot ,\cdot ,\rho )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d80ca460618504260f9121910286e769d1c93e93.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.922ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{2}(\cdot ,\cdot ,\rho )}" loading="lazy"></span> die bivariate Verteilungsfunktion zweier standard-normalverteilter Zufallsvariablen mit dem Korrelationskoeffizienten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }" loading="lazy"></span> ist.</dd>
<dd>Erzeugt man Punkte, die gemäß der Normal-Copula mit Parameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho =0{,}5}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho =0{,}5}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47de49c067fdf1e21732ba3a4e500b8029b2bdce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.272ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho =0{,}5}" loading="lazy"></span> verteilt sind, ergibt sich bereits eine leichte Konzentration dieser entlang der Winkelhalbierenden. </dd></dl>
<ul><li>Die nach <a href="Emil_Julius_Gumbel" title="Emil Julius Gumbel">Emil Julius Gumbel</a> benannte <i>Gumbel-Copula</i> wird mit Hilfe der <a href="Exponentialfunktion" title="Exponentialfunktion">Exponentialfunktion</a> und dem natürlichen <a href="Logarithmus" title="Logarithmus">Logarithmus</a> definiert</li></ul>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{\lambda }(u_{1},u_{2})=\exp \left(-\left(\left(-\ln u_{1}\right)^{\lambda }+\left(-\ln u_{2}\right)^{\lambda }\right)^{1/\lambda }\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{\lambda }(u_{1},u_{2})=\exp \left(-\left(\left(-\ln u_{1}\right)^{\lambda }+\left(-\ln u_{2}\right)^{\lambda }\right)^{1/\lambda }\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8d74d25fefd45438c8e3aca47296a033bc39c686.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:50.605ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{\lambda }(u_{1},u_{2})=\exp \left(-\left(\left(-\ln u_{1}\right)^{\lambda }+\left(-\ln u_{2}\right)^{\lambda }\right)^{1/\lambda }\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd>
<dd>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda \geq 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda \geq 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a37870accb1d7cb8912fd80b53a7e4c9bc61e4d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.616ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda \geq 1}" loading="lazy"></span> als Parameter fest zu wählen ist.</dd>
<dd>Erzeugt man Punkte, die gemäß der Gumbel-Copula mit Parameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda >1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda &gt;1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db907bc2da64805ec8698ef70da1531773faccc0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.616ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda >1}" loading="lazy"></span> verteilt sind, ergibt sich insbesondere eine Punkthäufung in der Nähe des Punktes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (1,1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (1,1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2c2a42feb07f4139bf871ae6856b11d4567bea23.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.168ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (1,1)}" loading="lazy"></span>. </dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archimedische_Copulae">Archimedische Copulae</h2></div>
<p>Archimedische Copulae stellen eine Klasse von Copulae dar. Diese lassen sich wie folgt beschreiben:
</p><p>Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi \colon [0,1]\rightarrow [0,\infty ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi \colon [0,1]\rightarrow [0,\infty ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0dba2c2dd7d8947238095abff2c98b3f31bda3c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.635ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi \colon [0,1]\rightarrow [0,\infty ]}" loading="lazy"></span> eine stetige, streng monoton fallende Funktion mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi (1)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi (1)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3e0210d5b00137b15c8a4daa78546a138262dd0f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.753ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi (1)=0}" loading="lazy"></span>. Bezeichne <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi ^{[-1]}\colon [0,\infty ]\rightarrow [0,1]\ }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi ^{[-1]}\colon [0,\infty ]\rightarrow [0,1]\ }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f0c23e90633c54fdaa79e869dafc5e7f2164c129.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.463ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi ^{[-1]}\colon [0,\infty ]\rightarrow [0,1]\ }" loading="lazy"></span> die Pseudo-Inverse von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }" loading="lazy"></span>, d.&nbsp;h.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi ^{[-1]}(t):={\begin{cases}\varphi ^{-1}(t),&amp;{\text{falls }}0\leq t\leq \varphi (0)\\0,&amp;{\text{sonst}}\end{cases}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>falls&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>sonst</mtext>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi ^{[-1]}(t):={\begin{cases}\varphi ^{-1}(t),&amp;{\text{falls }}0\leq t\leq \varphi (0)\\0,&amp;{\text{sonst}}\end{cases}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fa31ae84a11d1652f74bfca00d8b0fd8ca9d306b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:40.484ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi ^{[-1]}(t):={\begin{cases}\varphi ^{-1}(t),&amp;{\text{falls }}0\leq t\leq \varphi (0)\\0,&amp;{\text{sonst}}\end{cases}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Mit Hilfe von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi ^{[-1]}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi ^{[-1]}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/931969f9e65e768f1e3c67662df627ad44f4e52b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.768ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi ^{[-1]}}" loading="lazy"></span> lässt sich nun eine bivariate Funktion definieren:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C\colon [0,1]^{2}\rightarrow [0,1],\quad C(u,v):=\varphi ^{[-1]}\left(\varphi \left(u\right)+\varphi \left(v\right)\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C\colon [0,1]^{2}\rightarrow [0,1],\quad C(u,v):=\varphi ^{[-1]}\left(\varphi \left(u\right)+\varphi \left(v\right)\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/077f5fa44b087dde9ec7f7991ad9099d86b96db6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:50.637ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C\colon [0,1]^{2}\rightarrow [0,1],\quad C(u,v):=\varphi ^{[-1]}\left(\varphi \left(u\right)+\varphi \left(v\right)\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}" loading="lazy"></span> ist genau dann eine Copula, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }" loading="lazy"></span> konvex ist. In diesem Fall heißt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }" loading="lazy"></span> <i>Erzeuger</i> oder <i>Generator</i> der Copula. Offensichtlich ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}" loading="lazy"></span> symmetrisch, d.&nbsp;h. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C(u,v)=C(v,u)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C(u,v)=C(v,u)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/682f04bbffcb82d72d97d6a7bf2a1c2c690fa6fa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.232ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C(u,v)=C(v,u)}" loading="lazy"></span> für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u,v\in [0,1]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u,v\in [0,1]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/83a46d1b72265ce8f3f85a0368d1849bcb59bbff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.984ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u,v\in [0,1]}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Beispiele für archimedische Copulae sind:
</p>
<ul><li><i>Gumbel-Copula</i>: Ihr Erzeuger ist die Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi (t)=(-\ln t)^{\lambda }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi (t)=(-\ln t)^{\lambda }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d91caa45fb55e9b5cdc9ae39a75b56e4825a393.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.629ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi (t)=(-\ln t)^{\lambda }}" loading="lazy"></span> mit Parameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda \geq 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda \geq 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a37870accb1d7cb8912fd80b53a7e4c9bc61e4d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.616ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda \geq 1}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<dl><dd>Damit ergibt sich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi ^{[-1]}(t)=\exp \left(-t^{\frac {1}{\lambda }}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi ^{[-1]}(t)=\exp \left(-t^{\frac {1}{\lambda }}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e1da167ec7426a837f48f4d45c9fb2e8337564b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:21.983ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi ^{[-1]}(t)=\exp \left(-t^{\frac {1}{\lambda }}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> und damit die Gumbel-Copula <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{\lambda }(u,v)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{\lambda }(u,v)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f80312f836c4f1913a007bdcc2f6bcf0c3565cf4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.153ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{\lambda }(u,v)}" loading="lazy"></span> wie oben.</dd></dl>
<ul><li><i>Clayton-Copula</i>: Ihr Erzeuger ist die Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi (t)={\frac {1}{\Theta }}\left(t^{-\Theta }-1\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Θ<!-- Θ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Θ<!-- Θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi (t)={\frac {1}{\Theta }}\left(t^{-\Theta }-1\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/21ebd20f7d5053baf62641ea2490755a2a38e3f1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:20.061ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi (t)={\frac {1}{\Theta }}\left(t^{-\Theta }-1\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> mit Parameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Theta >0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Θ<!-- Θ --></mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Theta &gt;0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6ae69870533a9deb30b5598f89fc5e869c88fa70.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.069ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Theta >0}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<dl><dd>Damit ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi ^{[-1]}(t)=\left(\Theta \cdot t+1\right)^{-{\frac {1}{\Theta }}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Θ<!-- Θ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Θ<!-- Θ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi ^{[-1]}(t)=\left(\Theta \cdot t+1\right)^{-{\frac {1}{\Theta }}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/834eeccfe185daed2c42ea65e3d826f3d2c94a64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.039ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi ^{[-1]}(t)=\left(\Theta \cdot t+1\right)^{-{\frac {1}{\Theta }}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und die bivariate Clayton-Copula ergibt sich zu:
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C(u,v)=\left(u^{-\Theta }+v^{-\Theta }-1\right)^{-{\frac {1}{\Theta }}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Θ<!-- Θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Θ<!-- Θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Θ<!-- Θ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C(u,v)=\left(u^{-\Theta }+v^{-\Theta }-1\right)^{-{\frac {1}{\Theta }}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1946c1e11ae76ec19c9aabcb863333abe99300c6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:30.559ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C(u,v)=\left(u^{-\Theta }+v^{-\Theta }-1\right)^{-{\frac {1}{\Theta }}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li><i>Frank-Copula</i>: Ihr Erzeuger ist die Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi (t)=-\ln \left({\frac {e^{-\Theta \cdot t}-1}{e^{-\Theta }-1}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Θ<!-- Θ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Θ<!-- Θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi (t)=-\ln \left({\frac {e^{-\Theta \cdot t}-1}{e^{-\Theta }-1}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ad32529b2ae5247d6bb4f255d450956ddeeaee8e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:24.586ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi (t)=-\ln \left({\frac {e^{-\Theta \cdot t}-1}{e^{-\Theta }-1}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> mit Parameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Theta >0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Θ<!-- Θ --></mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Theta &gt;0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6ae69870533a9deb30b5598f89fc5e869c88fa70.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.069ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Theta >0}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<p>Archimedische Copulae werden oft angewandt, da es sehr einfach ist, Zufallszahlen daraus zu generieren.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extremwertcopula">Extremwertcopula</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition_2">Definition</h3></div>
<p>Eine Copula <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt Extremwertcopula, wenn es die Copula
einer <a href="Multivariat" class="mw-redirect" title="Multivariat">multivariaten</a> <a href="Extremwerttheorie" title="Extremwerttheorie">Extremwertverteilung</a> ist, d.&nbsp;h. es existiert eine multivariate Extremwertverteilung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> mit univariaten Rändern <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{1},\dots ,G_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{1},\dots ,G_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3f3b799154cab4e121c102d2dddb805961a5c83f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.104ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{1},\dots ,G_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>, dass gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C(u_{1},\dots ,u_{n})=G(G_{1}^{-1}(u_{1}),\dots ,G_{n}^{-1}(u_{n}))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C(u_{1},\dots ,u_{n})=G(G_{1}^{-1}(u_{1}),\dots ,G_{n}^{-1}(u_{n}))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/144d4cf5fbbfe19bd691fa201101390d8f50128a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:42.468ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C(u_{1},\dots ,u_{n})=G(G_{1}^{-1}(u_{1}),\dots ,G_{n}^{-1}(u_{n}))}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lemma">Lemma</h3></div>
<p>Eine Copula <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}" loading="lazy"></span> ist genau dann eine Extremwertcopula, wenn für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {0} \leq \mathbf {u} =(u_{1},\dots ,u_{n})^{T}\leq \mathbf {1} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">0</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">u</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {0} \leq \mathbf {u} =(u_{1},\dots ,u_{n})^{T}\leq \mathbf {1} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aaeee1a3f424c7dfc67fd9ec2cf03f09bc73c524.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.763ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {0} \leq \mathbf {u} =(u_{1},\dots ,u_{n})^{T}\leq \mathbf {1} }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t>0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t&gt;0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/29a2960e88369263fe3cfe00ccbfeb83daee212a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.101ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t>0}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C(u_{1}^{t},\dots ,u_{n}^{t})=C^{t}(u_{1},\dots ,u_{n})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C(u_{1}^{t},\dots ,u_{n}^{t})=C^{t}(u_{1},\dots ,u_{n})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/baec963b1211428985828a2cf4b2672bce0ede7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:31.328ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C(u_{1}^{t},\dots ,u_{n}^{t})=C^{t}(u_{1},\dots ,u_{n})}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}" loading="lazy"></span> eine Extremwertcopula und sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{1},\dots ,G_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{1},\dots ,G_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3f3b799154cab4e121c102d2dddb805961a5c83f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.104ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{1},\dots ,G_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> univariate <a href="Extremwerttheorie" title="Extremwerttheorie">Extremwertverteilungen</a>, dann ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G((x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})^{T}):=C(G_{1}(x_{1}),\dots ,G_{n}(x_{n}))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G((x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})^{T}):=C(G_{1}(x_{1}),\dots ,G_{n}(x_{n}))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8eaac53338c8920c5e49dc3ebbd7aab258cf7217.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:43.921ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G((x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})^{T}):=C(G_{1}(x_{1}),\dots ,G_{n}(x_{n}))}" loading="lazy"></span>
eine multivariate Extremwertverteilung.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zusammenhang_zwischen_Copula_und_T-Norm">Zusammenhang zwischen Copula und T-Norm</h2></div>
<p>Jede bivariate <a href="Assoziativgesetz" title="Assoziativgesetz">assoziative</a> und <a href="Kommutativgesetz" title="Kommutativgesetz">kommutative</a> Copula ist eine <a href="T-Norm" title="T-Norm">T-Norm</a> (siehe Grabisch et al. 2009). Beispielsweise sind die bivariate Produktcopula und beide bivariaten Fréchet-Hoeffding-Schranken gleichzeitig T-Normen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Harry Joe: <i>Dependence Modeling with Copulas (Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability 134).</i> CRC Press, 2015, ISBN 978-1-4665-8322-1.</li></ul>
<ul><li>J.-F. Mai, M. Scherer: <i>Simulating Copulas (Stochastic Models, Sampling Algorithms and Applications).</i> World Scientific, 2012, ISBN 978-1-84816-874-9.</li></ul>
<ul><li>J. Wernz: <i>Bank Management and Control.</i> Springer Nature, 2020, ISBN 978-3-03042865-5.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Roger B. Nelsen: <i>An Introduction to Copulas.</i> (= <i><a href="Lecture_Notes_in_Statistics" title="Lecture Notes in Statistics">Lecture Notes in Statistics</a></i>). Springer Verlag, 2006, ISBN 0-387-28659-4.</li></ul>
<ul><li>A. Sklar: <i>Random variables, distribution functions, and copulas – a personal look backward and forward.</i> In: L. Rüschendorf, B. Schweizer, M. Taylor (Hrsg.): <i>Distributions With Fixed Marginals &amp; Related Topics.</i> (= <i>Lecture Notes - Monograph Series Number.</i> 28). 1997, ISBN 0-940600-40-4.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Rico Fischer: <i>Modellierung von Abhängigkeiten mit Hilfe von Copulas: Anwendung bei der Bestimmung des Value at Risk.</i> Logos Berlin, 2009, ISBN 978-3-8325-2142-4.</li></ul>
<ul><li>M. Grabisch, J.-L. Marichal, R. Mesiar E. Pap: <i>Aggregation Functions</i>. Cambridge University Press 2009. ISBN 978-0-521-51926-7. S. 56f. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=gueKp7j49SMC&amp;pg=PA1&amp;hl=de&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">eingeschränkte Vorschau</a> in der Google-Buchsuche)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li>P. Embrechts, F. Lindskog, A. McNeil: <i>Modelling Dependence with Copulas and Applications to Risk Management.</i> In: S. Rachev (Hrsg.): <i>Handbook of Heavy Tailed Distributions in Finance.</i> Elsevier, Chapter 8, 2003, S. 329–384. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.math.ethz.ch/~embrecht/ftp/copchapter.pdf">(people.math.ethz.ch</a>; PDF; 818 kB)</li></ul>
<ul><li>P. Embrechts, A. McNeil, D. Straumann: <i>Correlation and dependence in risk management: properties and pitfalls.</i> In: M. A. H. Dempster: (Hrsg.): <i>Risk Management: Value at Risk and Beyond.</i> Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2002, S. 176–223. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.math.ethz.ch/~embrecht/ftp/pitfalls.pdf">people.math.ethz.ch</a>; PDF; 784 kB)</li></ul>
<ul><li>C. Schölzel, P. Friederichs: <i>Multivariate non-normally distributed random variables in climate research – introduction to the copula approach.</i> In: <i>Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics.</i> 15, 2008, S. 761–772. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/15/761/2008/npg-15-761-2008.html">(www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net</a> open access)</li></ul>
<ul><li>Andreas Beck, Michael Lesko, Frank Schlottmann, Konrad Wimmer: <i>Copulas im Risikomanagement.</i> In: <i>Zeitschrift für das gesamte Kreditwesen.</i> 14/2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.risknet.de/typo3conf/ext/bx_elibrary/elibrarydownload.php?&amp;downloaddata=350">(risknet.de)</a></li></ul>
<ul><li>Michael Lesko, Andreas Beck: <i>Zur Modellierung von Abhängigkeiten in der Bankpraxis – Copula-Funktionen zur Ermittlung des Gesamtbankrisikoprofils.</i> In: <i>Betriebswirtschaftliche Blätter.</i> 5/2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.risknet.de/typo3conf/ext/bx_elibrary/elibrarydownload.php?&amp;downloaddata=348">(risknet.de)</a></li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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